Combine ground chuck, diced onion, minced chipotle chili peppers, and garlic in a saucepan. Cook over medium heat until beef is browned and crumbly, about 5 minutes. Drain.
Return beef mixture to saucepan; stir in tomato sauce and chili powder. Bring to a boil, reduce heat, and simmer 15 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Cook hot dogs according to package directions.
Butter hot dog buns and toast in a toaster oven, about 2 minutes. Place cooked hot dogs in the prepared buns. Spoon chili over hot dogs. Top with Cheddar cheese and onions. Serve immediately.